Thymosin alpha-1 in immune modulation and adjunctive immunotherapy: effect on the anchor outcome — search strategy
Sources, search strings, screening flow and extraction procedure, reproduced so that the review can be repeated.
Templated review frame. This review question was generated by crossing an indication with a compound for which contributing trials exist. Its prose frame is templated and is shared with other questions of the same shape. Its included studies, its summary of findings and its certainty rating are computed from the underlying records and are not templated. The Institute publishes these questions because the alternative is to leave a question the document set can answer unanswered, and it labels them because the alternative is to present a templated frame as an authored one.
§2Search strategy
The search was executed on 18 April 2026 and re-run at each review. It is reproduced here in full so that it can be repeated. A review whose search cannot be repeated cannot be checked, and the Institute regards reproducing the strategy as a condition of publication rather than an appendix to it.
§2.1Sources searched
Table 2. Sources searched, with the coverage period of each.
| Source | Coverage | Records |
|---|---|---|
| MEDLINE (Ovid) | Inception to the search date | 287 |
| Embase (Ovid) | Inception to the search date | 223 |
| Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials | Current issue at the search date | 88 |
| ClinicalTrials.gov | All records, including those without posted results | 306 |
| WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform | All records | 149 |
| EU Clinical Trials Register | All records | 49 |
| Regulatory assessment reports (FDA, EMA, MHRA, PMDA) | Published review documents | 227 |
| Sponsor clinical study reports where obtainable | Requested; obtained only in part | 141 |
| Record counts are per source before de-duplication and sum to more than the de-duplicated total in §2.3. | ||
§2.2Search strategy
The strategy below is the MEDLINE (Ovid) version. Strategies for the other sources are translations of it, adapted to each source's controlled vocabulary and syntax, and preserving the same concept structure.
2 thymosin alpha-1.mp.
3 "Tα1".ti,ab,kf. OR "thymalfasin".ti,ab,kf.
4 1 OR 2 OR 3
5 exp Immune modulation and adjunctive immunotherapy/
6 immune modulation.ti,ab,kf.
7 5 OR 6
8 4 AND 7
9 randomized controlled trial.pt. OR controlled clinical trial.pt. OR randomi#ed.ti,ab. OR placebo.ti,ab. OR clinical trials as topic.sh. OR randomly.ti,ab. OR trial.ti.
10 exp animals/ NOT humans.sh.
11 8 AND 9 NOT 10
12 remove duplicates from the preceding set
No language restriction was applied. No date restriction was applied. Records identified only through a registry and carrying no posted results are counted separately in the flow below rather than being excluded silently, following the search-strategy consultation.
§2.3Screening flow
Table 3. Screening flow from records identified to studies included.
| Stage | Records |
|---|---|
| Records identified from database searching | 950 |
| Records removed as duplicates | 249 |
| Records screened on title and abstract | 701 |
| Records excluded at title and abstract | 672 |
| Full-text reports assessed for eligibility | 29 |
| Full-text reports excluded, with reasons | 25 |
| Studies included in the qualitative synthesis | 4 |
| Studies included in the quantitative synthesis | 1 |
| Two reviewers screened independently at both stages. Agreement at title and abstract exceeded the pre-specified threshold; disagreement at full text was resolved by a third reviewer without recourse to the effect estimates. | |
§2.4Data extraction and certainty assessment
- Extraction was performed independently in duplicate onto a piloted form. The extracted data are published in full at §3, at the level of the individual outcome and study, with the source of each value identified. That practice was adopted following a public submission that a review whose extracted data are not published cannot be checked.
- Risk of bias was assessed at the level of the individual study and outcome.
- Certainty was assessed across the five domains recorded at §4, with the reason for each downgrade recorded against its domain.
- Clinical study reports were requested for every contributing trial. The outcome of each request, including refusals, is recorded in the amendment log.
References cited on this page
References are numbered in order of first citation in this document. Each superscript in the text links to its entry below.
- Garaci E, Pica F, Serafino A, Balestrieri E, Matteucci C, Moroni G, Sorrentino R, Zonfrillo M, Pierimarchi P, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P. Thymosin α1 and cancer: action on immune effector and tumor target cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2007;1112:225–234. doi:10.1196/annals.1415.025 · PMID 17567944
Identifiers are reproduced only where the Institute holds them. Where a digital object identifier or PubMed identifier is not shown, the Institute has recorded the journal and year and has not constructed an identifier.