Evidence synthesis · §4
Analytical surveys of unregulated peptide supply — summary of findings
Outcome-by-outcome summary with effect, certainty and the reason for each downgrade.
§4Summary of findings
§4.1Summary of findings
Table 7. Summary of findings for Analytical surveys of unregulated peptide supply.
| Outcome | Participants (studies) | Effect as reported | Certainty | Reason for downgrade |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anchor outcome for this review questionThe outcome the Institute designates as anchor for this indication. | 37,696 (24) | Low certainty evidence from a small number of analytical surveys indicates that identity is usually confirmed for the principal high-volume compounds… | Low | risk of bias, indirectness |
| Discontinuation for adverse eventsReported as a summary-of-findings row rather than in a tolerability annex, following a public submission. | 36,250 (23) | Reported per contributing trial; see the included-studies table | Low | indirectness, publication bias |
| Serious adverse eventsEvent counts are low; the estimate is imprecise by construction. | 33,983 (24) | Reported per contributing trial; see the included-studies table | Very low | risk of bias, indirectness, imprecision |
| Any adverse eventAscertained by spontaneous report in the contributing trials. | 32,525 (24) | Reported per contributing trial; see the included-studies table | Very low | risk of bias, indirectness, imprecision |
| Certainty ratings describe confidence in the effect estimate for the stated outcome. They are not recommendations and do not transfer between outcomes. | ||||
§4.2Forest plot
Study estimatePooled estimate
§4.3Certainty assessment for the anchor outcome
Table 8. Reasoning recorded against each certainty domain for the anchor outcome.
| Domain | Rating | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| Risk of bias | Serious | Contributing trials are sponsor-conducted and one is open-label. |
| Inconsistency | No concern | No serious concern identified in this domain. |
| Indirectness | Serious | The comparator differs across contributing trials. |
| Imprecision | No concern | No serious concern identified in this domain. |
| Publication bias | No concern | No serious concern identified in this domain. |
| Overall: Low certainty. Confidence in the effect estimate is limited. The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate. | ||
References cited on this page
References are numbered in order of first citation in this document. Each superscript in the text links to its entry below.
- Sodhi M, Rezaeianzadeh R, Kezouh A, Etminan M. Risk of gastrointestinal adverse events associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for weight loss. JAMA 2023;330(18):1795–1797. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.19574 · PMID 37796527
- Carvalho M, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Analytical and forensic aspects of counterfeit peptide hormones. Drug Testing and Analysis 2023;15(1):5–19. doi:10.1002/dta.3379
Identifiers are reproduced only where the Institute holds them. Where a digital object identifier or PubMed identifier is not shown, the Institute has recorded the journal and year and has not constructed an identifier.
Compound Evidence Institute · CEI-ES-015/4 · https://compoundevidence.com/syntheses/peptide-supply-quality-analytical-surveys/summary-of-findings/ · retrieved 30 July 2026